Monday, February 24, 2020
Organizational Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Organizational Management - Assignment Example der to assist organizational members to be able to concentrate on achieving the stipulated strategies while also improving efficiency (Osterwalder & Pigneur, 2010). There are companies that have increased their overall efficiency, thus realizing greater profits while saving on costs, as a result of introducing an organizational design model that improved their operations (Maztoul & Malek, 2014). For instance, the U.S. Army’s organizational design is basically in the form of a matrix structure in which distinct functions are connected with subsystems such as the combat and production subsystem. The operations that fall under the production subsystem include functional commands, training command, and installation operations. The integrating subsystem is tasked with integrating all other systems together while the combat subsystem transforms the existing assets into combat ready implements. The Army has in the recent past effected a far-reaching organizational design transformation that is based on re-alignment. The main aim of implementing the re-alignment was to strike a balance between different levels of authority while also meeting the growing needs of the army personnel (Cocks, 2014). The corporate design implementation process successfully met these objectives while also drawing attention to the importance of team-building.  In my time as a supervisor in the communications operations within the United States Marine Corps, the importance of the concept of communication has emerged as one of the most significant determinants of success in any operations. Basically, communication involves the exchanging of information between a receiver and a sender. In my position as a supervisor in the United States Marine Corp, I communicate regularly with other marines, the senior members of the Marine Corps, and the surrounding community. I know that my interpersonal skills, personality, past training experiences, and even challenges I have gone through have made it
Saturday, February 8, 2020
Fire Safety Legislations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Fire Safety Legislations - Essay Example Many fire safety legislations have come into practice in recent decades and have reduced injury, death and calamity. Fire Precautions Act 1971 was the first exclusively fire devoted act and this was the result of the Report of the Holroyd Committee in 1970 which recommended that the law pertaining to fire safety should come under two branches: one that would apply to new and altered premises and other, to apply exclusively to premises that were already occupied. Committee found it so important that fire safety regulations should branch out to become more effective and understood by people, and this was necessary looking at the risk involved. In july 2002, the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister issued a Consolidation paper for further reforms on fire fighting legislation and amending wherever necessary, with a view to make it more understandable and less intimidating. New legislations are proposed to be introduced, dropping the certification which was made compulsory under the Fire P recautions Act 1971. Next major piece of regulation was The Fire Precautions (Workplace) (Amendment) Regulations 1999 to be followed by The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 and this Report tries to map the differences and similarities between them. "Houses occupied as single private dwellings are exempt, but the fire authority has powers to make it compulsory for some dwellings to be covered by a fire certificate" http://www.healthandsafety.co.uk/firep.htm Premises that require a fire certificate were many and for those premises, obtaining a certificate became mandatory. "The use of certain types of premises has been designated by the Secretary of State as requiring a fire certificate under the Fire Precautions Act 1971 (in Northern Ireland under the Fire Services (Northern Ireland) Order 1984 as amended). There are two designating orders in force in Great Britain - one relates to larger hotels and boarding houses; the other to those factories, offices, shops and railway premises in which people are employed to work" http://www.communities.gov.uk/index.aspid=1124874 Mainly these applied to non-domestic premises and the intention was reducing death and injury and damage. Provisions for reasonable means of escape, inspection were made and officers are entitled to take action to enforce the act. This was further fortified by Building Regulation Act of 1991 that limited internal fire spread including furniture and fittings by more regulations while considerable facilities for fire service was given including rules on fire warning and emergency lighting. Offices, shops, factories were covered according to number of workers. Guidance about storage of flammable materials, means for fighting fire, warning, training of employees, licensed premises, standards of fire precautions, inspection procedures, methods and types of inspection, escape related precautions, notifications of proposed changes were meticulously guided with extensive provisions. Some premises were exempted from fire certificate requirement and standards of exempted premises like factorie s and offices with only ground floor/basement/first floor power, not using explosive materials etc. had to be
Wednesday, January 29, 2020
Touring the Trump Tower Essay Example for Free
Touring the Trump Tower Essay If there was such a thing as an award for the most recognized, most celebrated, most controversial, and most iconic person in business, for sure it would go, hands down to Donald Trump. Partly because of his penchant for celebrity, many people have been witness to Trump’s various triumphs and downfalls, in both his professional and personal lives.            But the success Trump is enjoying currently was never handed to him on a silver platter; he did not have a name like Hilton or Ford, so he had to rely only on his hard work and business smarts.  He started his business out of a small office in Brooklyn, New York, with his father, Fred. For five years, he closed and maintained various deals under the mentorship of Fred Trump, and consequently pursued to make his name in Manhattan real estate.            To date, Donald Trump counts his properties in an eclectic array of locations in America and all over the world, specializing in different permutations of real estate. His portfolio consists of hotels (in New York, Las Vegas, and Chicago), golf clubs (in Los Angeles, Bedminster, Westchester, West Palm Beach, the Canolian Islands, and Scotland), and casino resorts (in Atlantic City and the Canolian Islands). On top of this impressive list, he has his name trademarked in entertainment (the long-running reality show The Apprentice, and a daily radio show), model management, and pageants (including the highly-popular Miss Universe pageant). To complete the Trump signature business model, he has created his unique line of merchandise, ranging from apparel to jewelry, from food and beverage to home furnishings (www.trump.com).            The driving secret behind this tremendous business success is conveyed in Trump’s guiding philosophyâ€â€which is to get into what you love doing. According to him, one should not just come up with ideas on how to generate income, it should always be about what one can offer that will be of value to the community. No project map or outline can help achieve one’s business goals; all successes are the products of a single human characteristicâ€â€passion. It is something available to all, and should be the foundation of every goal. Passion leads to success and happiness, which is ultimately followed by money (Gallo, 2007).            Perhaps the way Trump has executed this ideology has not always been on top of everyone’s list. He has been called, at different times, a spotlight-obsessed, shameless egomaniac. However, it is this kind of worldview that keeps Trump in the thick of thingsâ€â€he is, in reality, a brilliant marketer. Self-promotion and marketing is his chosen business strategy; one that has paid him well in terms of brand recognition and awareness. Take one episode of his popular reality show The Apprenticeâ€â€in every segment, in every challenge, one of Trump’s businesses is brought into focus. This, as well as the prize for the chosen apprenticeâ€â€a job handling one of Trump’s many projectsâ€â€has carved the Trump name not only in the minds of the business community but in every TV-watching household as well. Donald Trump emulates the thinking of every small business owner, that of selling your product, as well as yourself, well. Trump’s marketing campaigns run 24 hours a day; he has absolutely great faith in being brave and determined enough to broadcast one’s name, to be your own brand.            Some of Trump’s marketing truisms prove sound and cohesive, as follows: One can never get too much.           In The Apprentice, the Trump name is mentioned practically every other second; this results in a bombardment of messages to the audience, who are now subliminally enticed to remember the name. This same guideline holds true for any marketing or advertising campaignâ€â€the more you mention your product or service, the more it will be remembered. Sex sells, but only to some extent. As in The Apprentice, Trump applauds marketing ideas that are built along sexual undertones. However, he knows exactly where to draw the line, and this refers more to one’s personal taste. Sex, when used clumsily as a marketing idea, always falls flat on its face, and is then deemed unsuitable. When in doubt, cross-promote. Trump believes entirely in this way of marketing as wellâ€â€as evidenced by his campaign for The Apprentice. To promote the show, he allowed brands like Pepsi, Planet Hollywood and Burger King into the segments; in turn, he tied up The Apprentice promos with in-store marketing services. He knew how these brands would reach a wider audience, and went for it (Lok, 2005).            To the untrained eye, the Trump business model can be overwhelming and intimidating. The magnitude of the Trump name, as seen on many levels (on properties, on merchandise, in above- and below-the-line advertising, through word-of-mouth), is but a product of a smart marketing strategy that has worked for many companies for many years. It’s all about the brand, and how one can maximize its identity.            Just the way the Donald Trump brand has done. Works Cited Gallo, Carmine. â€Å"The Secret Behind Trump’s Success†. Communications, www.            businessweek.com, 2007. http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/content/nov2007/sb20071121_372575.htm Lok, Dan. â€Å"Donald Trump’s Marketing Secrets Revealed!† Quick Turn Marketing            International Ltd., 2005.            http://www.euromega.com/article32.htm www.trump.com Trump, Donald (prod.) The Apprentice. NBC, 2004.
Tuesday, January 21, 2020
A Glimpse of Culture From the Eyes of an Engineer :: Personal Narrative Cultural Essays
The 8:50 a.m. bell rings. Thirty faces look up at the board. "The Refrigeration cycle begins with refrigerant R-134a proceeding to ..." Most pencils are hard at work, taking diligent notes. Some students stare into the board, attempting to imprint the entire schematic of the Refrigeration cycle into their memories. Others take a shot of Mountain Dew to clear the mental passages, or wake up from the previous evening. Concentration levels run high, as we all endeavor to excel at what we have been doing for the last several years -- pursuing an engineering degree. Each student in that Thermodynamics classroom had by this point in his or her undergraduate engineering career settled comfortably into the American engineering lifestyle. We had all gone through Statics as freshman, struggled with Dynamics as sophomores, and went on to tackle the curriculum that lay ahead. Gradually many of us became involved in campus organizations or committees. We bought organizer calendars, and watched the days fill up with meetings and activities that quenched our thirst for involvement and drove us to achieve in and out of the classroom. We dove into the crazy, driven and exciting pace of life at a very reputable Big Ten University, ready to reap all of the benefits that an undergraduate degree has to offer. As one of the thirty students in that very classroom, I had come to know this lifestyle well. To me it was the best and most intense of all worlds that I had seen up to that point in life, and it was the most satisfying. Yet being comfortable in the realm of undergraduate engineering arose in me a curiosity about other worlds. The curiosity developed into an urge to deviate from the well-founded path, and risk stepping into a complete unknown. The wheels began to turn, the plans formed, and several semesters later I was sitting in a somewhat different classroom. The students numbered around 60. They sat at long desks, ten seats in a row, elbow to elbow. Their style of dress was similar to what I knew, though there was not a baseball cap to be found on top of anyone's brow. They sat attentively, pens in hand, paper ready for taking serious notes. The professor stood before the room, waiting as stragglers walked in. No bell rang to signify the start of class. When enough stragglers had made it in, the professor walked over to the door and shut it.
Monday, January 13, 2020
Broadway Theatre – a History
Broadway Theater Broadway is the longest street in New York, starting in downtown Manhattan, and running through town, crossing the Broadway Bridge, and continues to Bronx (Greiner, visit- new-york-city. com) Then why when people hear this street name, do they think of theater? That’s because this street, commonly referred to as the â€Å"Great White Way†, has 36 theaters. These 36 theaters, along with 4 other, make up what is called the Theatre District. Broadway history dates back to the late 1600's, when a coffee house called ‘The King's Arms' opened in 1696 on Broadway.Some scholars think this may have held Manhattan's earliest theatrical performances (Kenrick, J, musicals101. com). However, it isn't until December 6, 1732, when the first professional performance of a specific play is recorded in New York City. The play was â€Å"The Recruiting Officer†, and was performed by a group of actors from London, in an empty building near Maiden Lane and Pearl Street. Performances continued in this unnamed place through the end of the decade. For it wasn't until 1750, when New York had around ten thousand citizens, that it received its first formal theater (Kenrick, J, musicals101. om). However, the theater was still not on Broadway, but slightly east on Nassau Street, which gave it the name â€Å"Theatre on Nassau Street. †This theater was a wooden, two story structure that could only hold about 280 people. Walter Murray and Thomas Kean presented Shakespeare’s â€Å"Richard III†on March 5, 1750. They also presented the first documented musical in New York, which was John Gay's â€Å"The Beggars Opera†, on December 3, 1750. Historians don't know much about the Theater on Nassau Street, which results in mostly guesswork. In her book â€Å"Theater In American†, Mary C.Henderson said, â€Å"May have been either a warehouse or a brewery (or both). . . probably fitted up with a stage at one end, benches in front of it, and a raised gallery at the rear for common folk. Murray and Kean made a significant addition to their New York playhouse – they added boxes along the side walls, not only to increase the seating (a sign that they attained a moderate success) but also to provide a special place for the elite of the city. †(Henderson, 237). Unfortunately, the theater was later sold and turned into storage space, and then was eventually torn down in 1754 to make way for a church (Kenrick, musicals101. om). In 1798 the city's first world-class theater was built (Kenrick, musicals101. com). The â€Å"Park Theatre†could hold 2,000 people, had a spacious bench-filled pit, four tiers of private boxes, and a top gallery. Lewis A Erenber talks about the Park theatre in his book â€Å"Steppin' Out†saying, â€Å"All kinds of performances were housed under one roof, so that audiences in the 1830s might see drama, circus, opera and dance on the same bill. New York's P ark Theater, despite a reputation as an elite house, had a relatively large room that permitted the masses to govern the stage.Each class had its own part of the theatre, but all attended – mechanics in the pit, upper classes and women in the boxes, and prostitutes, lower class men, and blacks in the balcony. The rowdy audiences often yelled, stamped, drank and smoked during the performance. †(Erenberg, 15). Admission for the theater was 50 cents for the pit, 25 cents for the gallery, and a full dollar for the boxes (Kenrick, musicals101. com). The behavior of the rowdy audience was often drowned out by the action on stage, though showers of nuts and fruits from the balcony were common.Prostitutes often conducted business in the balcony, which led to much belief by the church that theatres were â€Å"foyers of hell†. One of the next theaters to open, was the ‘Bowery Theatre' in 1826 (Kenrick, musicals101. com). It aimed at the upper class at first, but whe n new management took over, decided to cater to the working class, by more action packed plays. According the Broadway League, it â€Å"Presented varied popular fare through the years, including spectacle, variety, melodrama, Italian vaudeville (c. 1915), and Chinese theatre (1920s).Burned down (and rebuilt) five times: 1828, 1836, 1838, 1845, and 1923–until a June 5, 1929 fire closed the theatre for good. †(Broadway League, ibdb. com) On the other side of the spectrum, for the upper class, The ‘Astor Place Opera House' was built in 1847, by wealthy New Yorkers, with the sole purpose of bringing Italian opera to the city (Broadway League, ibdb. com). These two theaters are commonly remembered for the Astor Place Riot, when in the spring of 1849, they were both performing the production of Macbeth.American ‘Edwin Forest' was directing the play along the middle and lower classes at the Bowery, while British ‘William Macready' appealed to the upper clas s at the Astor Place Opera House. As one source states, â€Å"A volatile combination of press ballyhoo and widespread anti- British sentiment incited a claque of Forrest's fans to disrupt a few of Macready's performances. †(Kenrick, musicals101. com). On the night of May 10, 1849 while the mainly upper class audience was enjoying their performance of Macbeth at the Astor Place Opera House, a mob of twenty thousand lower and working class men broke into a full-scale riot.When the violence got out of control, the police fired their guns directly into the crowd, killing at least twenty-two, while wounding more than 150 (Kenrick, musicals101. com). Robert W. Snyder says in the Encyclopedia of New York City that, â€Å"After the Astor Place Riot of 1849 entertainment in New York City was divided along class lines: opera was chiefly for the upper middle and upper classes, minstrel shows and melodramas for the middle class, variety shows in concert saloons for men of the working c lass and the slumming middle class. (Jackson, 1226).While there will always be fighting between the classes, it never again was centered around a theatrical event. As New York City grew in population, more ways of entertainment were on the rise. Laura Keene became one of the first nationally recognized actress managers of the American Stage (Kenrick, Musicals101. com). She produced and starred in many comedies and musicals at 622 Broadway. She set Broadways first â€Å"long-run†record with a 50 performance hit called ‘The Elves' in 1857, and continued to astound everyone with her musical ‘Seven Sisters' in 1860, which had 253 performances.With the Civil War going on during this time (1861-1865), this vastly expanded and upgraded railroads, which made it much more easier and affordable for the theatrical productions to tour. It was during one of these tours, when Laura Keene's troupe came to Ford's Theater in Washington, DC for the Spring of 1865, that President A braham Lincoln was assassinated while attending the performance of â€Å"Our American Cousin†on April 14. Even though Keene had no control over Lincoln's assignation, her name because so linked to the tragedy, that it soon forced her into retirement.Charles Hoyt's â€Å"A Trip to Chinatown (1891) became Broadway's long-run champion, with 657 performances (Kenrick, Musicals101. com). A â€Å"Trip to Coontown†was performed in 1898, and was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans in a Broadway theatre. In 1894, â€Å"The Passing Show†was the first Broadway revue. However, it received little attention, and revues would not really catch in popularity until Floren Ziegfeld introduced his Follies in 1907. (Zenrick, musicals101. om) Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 1900s, but New York Runs continued to be relatively short, in comparison to London runs. In 1910, smaller off-Broadway thea tre groups really took up. They would setup shop in smaller downtown venues, with the purpose of promoting experiments works, with people who may not make it to the city to see them. Some of the first groups were â€Å"The Washington Square Players (later renamed the Theatre Guild), The Provincetown Players, and The Neighborhood Playhouse†(Zenrick, Musicals101. om). Most of the first off-Broadway performances were â€Å"Socially challenging dramas (Zenrick, musicals101. com)†, for it wasn't until later when musicals became a part of the off-Broadway scene. Since gaslight was not strong enough to be used with colored filters, theatre district advertising was dull through the 1890's. The first animated electric billboard appeared in Times Square in 1903, with Victor Herbert's musical â€Å"The Red Mill†, installing a sign with carbon lights that imitated the revolving arms of a windmill.This sign used electric light, which was far brighter, and made advertisi ng much easier. Soon, every Broadway show had some sort of electric sign, but since colored bulbs burned out too quickly, at first white lights were standard. This is where Broadway gets it's name â€Å"The Great White Way†, because the largest of these eletric billboards, oftenly called spectaculars, were actually stopping traffic with the night glow that they gave off. (Zenrick, musicals101. com) In 1927, neon lighting was introduced, which helped elongate shapes and bright colors.Broadway's business peaked in the 1927-1928 season, as more ten 70 legitimate theatres housed over 250 shows, but then later dropped tremendously in the 1930's in the depression, some Broadway productions even had to file for bankruptcy, such as Lee Shuberts productions (Zenrick, musicals101. com). Though eventually, World War II booseted the American economy, and many great musicals appeared in the 1940's, such as â€Å"Oklahoma†. Off-Broadway also increased, in small downtown theatres in Greenwich Village, and the Lower East Side that had been home to experimental theatre since the 1920's.Such shows such as â€Å"The Fantasticks†opened in 1960, â€Å"Godspell†(1971), â€Å"Little Shop of Horrors†(1982) â€Å"Nunsense†(1985) were born off-Broadway, and were very successful (Zenrick, musicals101. com)  During this time, marked the beginning of the â€Å"Theatre Wing’s Tony Award†. This award is theatre’s most prestigious and coveted prize, designed to celebrate excellence in theatre (Tony Awards, tonyawards. com) The 1980's Broadway was took over by imported â€Å"Mega-Musicals†(Cats, Les Miserables), and the 1990's saw the rise of big corporations such as Disney (Beauty and the Beast, Lion King).These hits brought more people to Times Square, showing that the district had fresh commercial potential. Big, new, hotels were built, and a series of corporations (MTV, ABC, etc) were now present in the neig hborhood. (Zenrick, musicals101. com). For the book, â€Å"New York, An Illustrated History†states, â€Å"By the late 1990s, a new Times Square had emerged – cleaner, better lit, and more wholesome than it had been in half a century, and busier and more profitable than it had been in decades. Each night as the sun went down, the district was transformed into a glowing, shimmering diaphanous dish of light. (Burns, Sanders, & Ades, 554). Unfortunately, As theatrical productions got more technologically advanced, and theatrical production costs continued to rise, so did the price of tickets. Orchestra seats that once went for $8 in 1965, were $45 in 1985, and up to $100 in 2001, which is a much higher rise than the overall price of living (Zenrick, musicals101. com) Modern day Broadway shows that can very expensive. The production of the play â€Å"Wicked†, which is currently in its seventh year on Broadway, has grossed nearly $1. billion dollars, and has been se en by nearly 23 million people worldwide (Wicked Facts, newsobserver. com). â€Å"The Phantom of the Opera†is another Broadway play that has seen phenomenal success in its run. The show has received 7 Tony Awards, and been see by more then 10 million people. It has been on Broadway for over 17 years, making it the most successful production in the history of Broadway. In conclusion, New York's theatre district is once again a prime tourist attraction, and the theatrical productions remain a huge factor in the city's financial well-being.According to the League of Theatre Owners and Producers, Broadway shows currently sell one and a half billion dollars worth of tickets annually (Zenrick, musicals101. com). Broadway Theater is a staple in live entertainment, and something that is amazing to be able to see. Works Cited Kenrick, John. â€Å"Theatre in New York: A Brief History. †Musicals101. com – The Cyber Encyclopedia of Musicals. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 201 0. . Henderson, Mary C.. Theater in America: 200 Years of Plays, Players, and Productions. First Edition ed.New York: Harry N Abrams, 1991. Print. Erenberg, Lewis A.. Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture. Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1984. Print. â€Å"IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information. †IBDB: The official source for Broadway Information. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 2010. . Jackson, Kenneth T. (Edited). The Encyclopedia of New York City. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1955. Print. Ades, Lisa, Ric Burns, and James Sanders. New York: An Illustrated History. Exp Sub ed. New York: Knopf, 2003. Print.Greiner, Julie. â€Å"A Brief Early History of Broadway Plays. †A Brief Early History of Broadway Plays. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 June 2010.
Sunday, January 5, 2020
Example of Team Conflict - 1090 Words
Examples of Team Conflict and Outcomes Below are two examples of team who experienced conflict and worked through the problem. (The team and individual names have been changed.) Team #1 was formed early in October and was enthusiastic in participating in Global Challenge. However, in March, we received the following email: Dear Sally, Susie Smith has formally decided to drop out of Global Challenge. It was explained to me, by her, that she wasn t fully aware of how much work this would all be when she signed up, and that she has gotten in over her head. I had noticed that from about two months in, her enthusiasm began to wane progressively. She no longer seemed to care, but I was hoping that she still did.†¦show more content†¦They addressed their team struggles in section 7.0 of the business plan as follows: Team Process Jae Kim was introduced to Jenny Jones by his friend, president of the environmental club called Roots Shoots his school. As Jenny suggested to participate in the GCA as a joint group, Jae Kim’s old friend Won Jung, and Jenny’s roommate Kendra soon joined in the Team #2. Team #2 took initiative from the very beginning and did a good job in being close to each other quickly and deciding a business item. Jenny and Kendra showed great enthusiasm in bringing up and searching for diverse ideas. We decided an idea about methane and livestock, which was suggested by Won. It was basically about reducing the amount of methane gas naturally emitted by cows, which accelerates global warming, through biotechnology. The idea was wonderful. However, it needed profound knowledge in the contemporary biotechnology. We contacted several professionals in research centers and universities, but even they could not address several problems expected to occur in the idea of reducing methane gas without harming the cow. The problem of reality and practicality hindered our progress on the project. Finally, because of the slow progress as well as their busy schedules, Jenny and Kendra gave up the project. Jae and Won gave it up as well for a while. However, while they once thought theShow MoreRelated Team Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies Essay example1195 Words  | 5 PagesTeam Dynamics - Conflict Resolution Strategies People work in groups or teams everyday whether in their career, education, political organization, church, or any other social setting. Conflict while working in teams or groups is inevitable. When taking people of different backgrounds, personalities, moral, and ethical beliefs and putting them together in a group, conflict will arise. 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Saturday, December 28, 2019
The Battle Of The Somme And Waterloo - 1488 Words
Sarah Cooper HIST 101-001 830538724 In â€Å"The Face of Battle,†John Keegan analyzed the experiences of the individuals involved in the battles of the Somme and Waterloo; he thoroughly examined the advancements of industrialization in warfare and battle strategy between 1815 and 1916. The industrialization of modern warfare during the battle of the Somme, while progressive, was very much still in its experimental stages. While the inventions during this time period were later evolved into much more useful products, it seems as though the organized warfare in Waterloo was much more effective; the soldier’s mediocre training for the Somme was obvious in the chaotic events that occurred. While each battle was disastrous in their own ways, industrialization certainly improved means of warfare and the experience that the soldiers had. The warfare in Waterloo consisted primarily of rifles, swords, cavalry, and artillery; these weapons were most effective close range which resulted in the French and British being in close proximity to one another. With immense amounts of training, a variety of battle tactics and formations, the square was ultimately the most effective. However, despite being located a short distance away from the enemy, thick, black smoke obstructed the soldiers’ vision on both sides of the battlefield, creating a less than optimal battle conditions. 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