Alzheimer’s disease and dementia

Alzheimer disease, the most common cause of old-age-associated dementia, accounts for over 50% of the dementias seen in the general adult population. Current projections indicate that over 4 million Americans will be suffering from various stages of the disease. Clinically, Alzheimer disease is characterized by a progressive deterioration of cognitive and physical status that sometimes begins during middle age (presenile dementia) but more typically has onset late in life (senile dementia), with considerable variability in behavioral manifestation.Diagnosis of Alzheimer disease requires both the presence of dementia and a characteristic pattern of neuropathology, including the presence of gross atrophy. The earliest stage of Alzheimer disease can generally be characterized by mild memory disturbances. This phase may be followed by one or more of a combination of agnosia, aphsia, and apraxia. Alzheimer’s disease and dementia Dementia is a gradual deterioration of mental functio ning affecting all areas of cognition, including, judgment, language, and memory. An irreversible, progressive condition in which nerve cells in the brain degenerate, and the size of the brain decreases.Dementia generally occurs in the elderly, although it can appear at any age. Several substantial studies have been done to determine its prevalence, and in 1991 a major study was conducted which found that dementia occurred in just over 1 percent in ages 75 to 84; and more than doubling to 10. 14 percent in persons 85 and over. Other studies have concluded that many as 47 percent of people over 85 suffer from some form of dementia. Prevalence rates tend to be comparable between the sexes and across socio cultural barriers, such as education and class.It is also worth nothing that, despite what is often commonly thought, dementia is not an inevitable consequence of aging. Alzheimer’s disease is the most common degenerative brain disorder, although onset of the disease is rare b efore the age of 60. After that age, the incidences of Alzheimer’s disease increases steadily, and than one-quarter of all individuals above the age of 85 have this disease. In addition, Alzheimer’s disease is the cause of about three-quarter of all cases of dementia in individuals above the age of 65. Researchers have identified many types of dementia.Including dementia resulting from Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, substance induced dementia, dementia due to other general medical conditions, and dementia not other wise specified. More than half of the persons diagnosed with dementia are classified as having dementia resulting from Alzheimer’s disease. This type of dementia occurs in more than half of dementia cases in the United States. There is no definitive method in diagnosing this kind of dementia until after the patient’s death and an autopsy can be performed on the brain. Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease and DementiaGenerally speaking, dementia has a gradual onset and can take different routes in different people. All sufferers, however, are eventually impaired in all of cognition. Initially, dementia can appear in memory loss, which may result in being able to vividly remember events from many years past while not being able to remember events of the very recent past. Other symptoms of dementia are agnosia, which is the technical term for not being able to recognize familiar objects, facial agnosia, the inability to recognize familiar faces, and Visio spatial impairment, the inability to locate familiar places.Along with cognitive deterioration, sufferers of dementia often experience related emotional disorders as they recognize their deterioration and experience anxiety about its continuation and worsening. Typical among reactions are depression, anxiety, aggression, and apathy. Psychologists are uncertain to what extent these symptoms are direct results of dementia or simply responses to its devastati on. Dementia progressively deteriorates the brain and eventually sufferers are completely unable to care for themselves and, ultimately, the disease results in death.Causes of the Alzheimer’s disease and Dementia The cause of Alzheimer’s disease and dementia is not known, but several theories of causality have been advanced. These theories propose genetic, environmental, viral, immunological, biochemical, and other causes for the disease. The specific features of disease vary from individual to individual, but the general course of the disease is fairly consistent in most cases. The symptoms of the disease tend to be more severe at night. The first stage of disease is usually forgetfulness, accompanied by some anxiety and mild depression.This usually develops into a more serious loss of memory, especially of recent events, moderate spatial and temporal disorientation, loss of ability to concentrate, aphasia, and increased anxiety. This set of symptoms is usually follow ed by profound spatial and temporal disorientation, delusions, hallucinations, incontinence, general physical decline, and death. Alzheimer’s disease and memory drugs Since there are many possible reasons for dementia-like attributes, it is important to see a neurologist.A neurologist is a medical doctor who specializes in the brain and the disorders affect the brain. Neurologists often specialize in a particular brain disorders that affect the brain. Neurologists often specialize in a particular brain disorder. For instance, one neurologist may treat primarily patients who have had a stroke (temporary or permanent loss of some body functioning), While other neurologists may treat primarily Alzheimer’s patients. Therefore, choosing an appropriate neurologist is one of the first steps in determining the correct diagnosis. History of Alzheimer’s diseaseA German neuropathologist and psychiatrist named Alois Alzheimer studied a 51-year old female patient with severe dementia. The woman started experiencing symptoms five years earlier, such as memory loss and trouble reading and writing. She rapidly declined to hallucinations and was unable to take care of herself. When Dr. Alzheimer’s patient died, he was able to study her brain at autopsy. Alzheimer noted that the cerebral cortex, the outer layer of the brain responsible for numerous functions such as movement, perception, memory, and speaking, was thinner than normal and had severe atrophy.He also noted two other abnormalities. The first was â€Å"senile plaque† (now know as neuritic plaque) that had earlier been seen in the brains of the elderly. Second, there were neurofibrillary tangles within the cortex that has not been previously described. These hallmarks, for which Alzheimer coined the term presenile dementia, are now known as Alzheimer’s disease. Interestingly, to this day, the only way to definitively know that a person has AD is at autopsy. The impact of Alzhe imer’s Alzheimer’s disease not only affects the patients but also the patients but also the patient’s family.Almost one out of three household in the United States is affected by AD. A little over half of the care provided to AD patients is at home; some estimates place the care at home closer to 75%. The combination of healthcare expenses and the loss of income of both the patient and the caregiver are approaching $100 billion nationwide. The average cost per patient from the onset of symptoms is about $ 174,000. Over half of the nursing residents in the United States have AD or some other form of dementia.The annual cost of caring for an AD patient ranges from $18,400 for mild symptoms to $ 36,132 for those with advanced symptoms. In addition, the average cost of nursing home care is almost $58,000 a year. Medicare and most health insurance plans do not cover the care of an AD patient since it is considered â€Å"custodial care†. Caregivers are a subset of the Alzheimer’s picture that is often overlooked. Stress and depression are reported frequently among caregivers: depression affects approximately 50% of caregivers, with stress occurring in at least 80%.Not surprisingly, the emotional, financial, and sometimes physical burden of witnessing a loved one decline mentally and physically is often overwhelming. Support and hope There are several organizations dedicated to educating patients, families, and caregivers about Alzheimer’s, providing helpful insights into where to go for help and support. Researchers have been studying the AD brain with all its complexities, since Alois Alzheimer presented his patient in 1907. Science is now closer to finding some answers about what may cause AD, and therefore gaining momentum on what may prevent or treat the disease.

Addiction and Cure Compulsive Shopping

â€Å"It is very difficult to recognize that we really like shopping, a â€Å"therapy†that can serve at any given time to forget our everyday problems. But when it becomes a tough act to control it becomes a serious psychological disorder such as pathological gambling. † How and to whom, is usually affected involving the syndrome that creates this huge dependency? Shopaholic syndrome affects men and women. The profile is usually between 30 and 40 years, with low self- ­esteem, lack of control, insecurity, fantasy- ­proneness, feeling of loneliness and spiritual emptiness. They also tend to have other dis- ­ orders such as anxiety and depression. Shopping can bring great pleasure at the moment, but then comes the repentance of pur- ­ chasing useless things, and then depression and anxiety, which leads back to the stores as a way of escape. Thus we begin a vicious circle which is very difficult to go through. Normal buyer vs Compulsive buyer While the normal buyer feels satisfaction of having bought something he wanted and he can control what he spends, the compulsive buyer gets an inordinate pleasure in the moment of shopping, similar to that produced by drugs, in addition to losing control of his actions. Do you know what causes this addiction? Although the underlying cause of addiction to shopping is not known, experts say this type of disorder is a mixture of biological and social causes. The lack of control over impulses caused by brain abnormalities related to the role of serotonin (a neurotransmitter). Social cause? This condition is the main trigger type consumer society in which we live, where shopping be- ­ comes a leisure activity rather than a necessity. Psychologists argue that advertising shows a person whose power is measured by the quantity and quality of goods they have. Before this the people with an underdeveloped personality turning to shopping to satisfy a quota of power that is not naturally given by society . Symbolic reading of the act of buying? Buying a necessity, exchange, assimilation, accumulation and disposal. It is a process that symbolizes something primal as food and breathing. Psychological and Genealogical perspective of oniomani?a The basis of any manic behavior is a lack of compensation. A compulsive act of exchange with the seller, we can talk about a fixation, lack of emotional exchange and general care of the child. The attachment figure moves to the seller that looks and looks compulsively. Emotional cut would occur in the parent- ­child relationship. An excessive accumulation of products that are not needed, we can talk about: â€Å"crazy ideas from the great- ­grandparents, for example:† Book now for the lean years â€Å", â€Å"Who has better things. † † I have more than you. † â€Å"When we where young, if our parents made us relate new clothes with renewal (season, stations †¦ ), when life cries out for renewal, unconsciously we will run to get new clothes. And if we are prevented of a true renewal, we will compulsively repeat this empty ritual of release. â€Å"Fixing a particular product that symbolizes what we ?re lacking. As happens in collection, if wool symbolizes the mother, I would con- ­ tinously buy jerseys, scarves, socks and stockings which will give me the warmth that I missed in childhood. If the encyclopedias symbolizes the intellectual ego and we identify with it, we would accumulate volumes and volumes without opening the plastic that surrounds them.. What impact does oniomani?a have on us? The shopaholics are immersed in an unreal world, then forget the consequences of their actions. They do not mind sacrificing their basic needs let alone those of others. This leads to situations of confrontation with family, debt, financial ruin, anxiety, depression and many more. How can we overcome this addiction? It is very difficult to get out of this addiction specially on your own, as is the case with alcoholism, gambling or drug addiction. But other addictions are easy to spot, very few people attend a consultation to deal with a compulsive shopping problem, since most of the time they consider it a normal behavior or temporary. Admitting the problem is a big step. From here you should see a psychologist to help you cope. There is no specific treatment depends on the degree of addition you have. Can you offer a sound approach to shopping? Enjoy a day of shopping, if your not out of control. But if you have rhythm to become a compulsive shopper, we offer a few tips so you do not end with your family finances. Make a list beforehand and avoid buying some- ­ thing you do not need or repeat products. Set a spending amount, not breaking your budget. Avoid buying in states of depression and or states which you suspect will be harder to control. Do not be misled by advertising. Get to the point and do not look over what to buy, do not end up biting into something unexpected. Forget about the offers that you do not really need. When checking what you bought and found to have acquired only the products that you planned to †¦ congratulations! , You have managed to avoid the danger of compulsive shopping. Your bank account will thank you. The act to treat oniomania A 40 year old woman compulsively buying bags, coats, belts and shoes from expensive brands. They shared the high price and fancy leather. She arrived to fill the closet of her apartment, plus two more cabinets installed in the lounge. Sometimes he'd give away or return some of these products because it was impossible to fit in the space. Analyzing her family tree we could see that her mother was orphaned at birth. His grandmother also had her mother and motherhood are banned. His father, bitter widower and never touched her, for fear of incestuous sexual tension, and died when she was a teenager. When the clothes made contact with the skin it was so precious to her, the more expensive the product were worth more tuned into the symbolism. We suggested that a van filled with all the accumulated products and asked two friends, men and women who accompany her to a field outside the city. She would drive the vehicle to the designated place and the cargo pile up together in a pyramid form. She, lying on the ground would be massaged by these symbolic parents while the mountain of things burned. Then plant tree there. We also suggest that she volunteered at a center for the homeless children, cherish and give all the love you she had missed.

Compare/Contrast of Two and a Half Men

The popular television show, Two and a Half Men, has been on the air for just under a solid ten years. Even after ten years, and a complete main character change, it is still one of the most watched and beloved shows on television today. Most would argue, including myself, that the original version starring Charlie Sheen was much better than the current version, starring Ashton Kutcher.Both are very funny and have attempted to keep to the same â€Å"womanizing† main character, though the original pulled it off with much more success. The show was originally about a â€Å"pleasure-seeking† jingle writer, Charlie Harper, his uptight brother, Alan, and Alan's growing son, Jake. Charlie's laid back life becomes complicated when his brother gets divorced and moves in, along with Jake, to Charlie's beach-front Malibu house.The Harper brothers Charlie and Alan are almost opposites but form a great team for comedy. They have little in common except their dislike for their dull, emotionless, and dominant mother, Evelyn. Alan, a compulsively neat chiropractor and control-freak, is thrown out by his manipulative wife Judith who nevertheless gets him to pay for everything and do most jobs in the house. Charlie is a freelance jingle composer and irresistible bachelor who lives in a luxurious beach-house and rarely gets up before noon.Charlie â€Å"temporarily† allows Alan and his son Jake, a food-obsessed, lazy school kid who constantly moves between his parents, to move in with them after Alan's separation/divorce. The sitcom revolves around their conflicting lifestyles, raising Jake (who has the competent, caring dad while having a ball with his fun-loving uncle who teaches him the fun way to live), and bantering with Evelyn and various other friends and family.Other fairly regular characters include Charlie's cleaning lady Berta, who is the sarcastic and sharp-tongued character who merely does nothing more than insult almost every other character unf ortunate enough to cross her path (while completely ignoring her actual job), and his rich, self-confessed stalker neighbor Rose who often sneaks in to spy on Charlie and induce havoc into his already screwy life. Charlie's love life is a recurring theme in his character. He is an alcoholic womanizer who has engaged in decades of frequent one-night stands, prostitutes, casual sex, and â€Å"relationships† of short duration, in stark contrast to his rother Alan's inability to bring in much female attention. Even though Charlie usually never calls any of his partners again after he had sex with them, there are a few relationships on the show that lasted longer than one night, notably his neighbor Rose, who continues to stalk him after they spent one night together, and Jake's ballet teacher Mia, whom Charlie was actually in love with, and almost married in Las Vegas. He usually dated much younger women. Alan is almost the complete opposite of Charlie. He had been divorced twice over the series, and is notably seen as socially awkward with any woman he comes into contact with.Alan is essentially a leech on Charlie’s life, as he was only supposed to stay with Charlie for a short amount of time, that was ten seasons ago. Recently, though, Alan has managed to keep one person tied down and hold a steady, healthy relationship with. This person is Lyndsey MacElroy, who is actually a mother of one of Jake’s stoner friends. At the end of season eight, Charlie leaves in pursuit of Rose, who he admits he loves, to Paris. At the beginning of season nine, it is revealed that Charlie died in Paris, because he â€Å"fell† in front of a train (it is widely believed that Rose murdered him because he cheated on her, a lot).Enter: Walden Schmidt. Now begins the more recent version of the series. Charlie Harper is dead, and Alan and Berta must now move out of the fabulous beach-house and have no idea where to go. Schmidt is introduced to the series as a billionaire internet entrepreneur who has recently been divorced and is now suicidal. After unsuccessfully attempting suicide, he turns up at Charlie Harper's beach house and decides to buy it from Charlie's brother, Alan, to whom Charlie has left the house in his will, after dying in France. Alan has to put the house up for sale as he is unable to afford the mortgage payments and property tax.While Alan is speaking with Charlie's ashes and trying to decide where to spread them, Walden suddenly appears on the house's back deck, scaring Alan and causing him to drop the ashes on the living room floor. When Alan lets Walden in so he can use the telephone, Walden reveals he has just tried to commit suicide by drowning in the ocean. He tells Alan that he is worth $1. 3 billion, but would give it all up to reconcile with his wife Bridget, from whom he had recently separated. Walden and Alan then proceed to bond at the local bar, where Walden tells Alan that e made his money when Microsoft purchased his website. At the end of the episode Walden tells Alan that he is going to buy the house. This is fantastic news for Alan, as he now no longer has to move, Berta can be rehired, and a surrogate family has now been formed. Walden is a hopeless romantic and has had many failed relationships, ranging from divorce and breakups to rejection of marriage proposals. Walden's ex-wife describes him as â€Å"having the emotional maturity of a 12-year-old†, and she, his housekeeper Berta and his girlfriend Zoey have all described him as needy.However, he drives a Fisker Karma as he cares about the environment, and does not believe in lending money, as it is never repaid and leads to resentment of the person to whom the money is lent; instead he prefers to just give it away. He does not like the taste of alcohol and so does not drink much. When Walden met Alan Harper, the two almost instantly formed a friendship. Walden is very generous, which Alan uses to his advantage, such as when Alan's ex-wife Judith drops off their son Jake, and Alan convinces Walden to allow Jake to stay. Despite events such as this, Alan does demonstrate genuine concern for Walden.When Walden discovers that his imaginary childhood gorilla friend, â€Å"Magilla†, was real, and was part of an experiment being conducted by his mother, he becomes very upset, as he thought of Magilla as a brother. Alan climbs a roof to console him, telling him that he knows what it's like to lose a brother. Walden knows that Alan is poor and has offered him money, but Alan refuses because he wants Walden to see him as a friend, rather than a freeloader. From this point on Alan and Jake have fully moved in and Walden considers them family, refusing to kick Alan out of the beach-house, though knowing that he is quite the leech.While there has been much change to the popular television show over the years, it has managed to sustain a fresh comedy to most viewers and appears as if it could continu e airing for the next ten years also. The show is now very different, since the introduction of Ashton Kutcher replacing Charlie Sheen as the main character. But it continues to maintain the viewers, ratings, and new ideas that make a good show great. Comparatively, the older seasons are better than the newer, but the newer are certainly getting the job done.

Putting Physical Activity Where It Fits in the School Day Essay

Putting Physical Activity Where It Fits in the School Day - Essay Example The intervention that was applied was the ABC (Activity Bursts in the Classroom) for Fitness, which was reported to incorporate brief bursts of activity in the classroom setting throughout the day at the discretion of the teacher. The results indicated that the proposed intervention, the ABC for Fitness Program, was effective in improving academic performance, physical fitness, reduce medication use, and even preserve teaching time. As disclosed, there were limitations in terms of the population not being an effective representative of the cross-section of the children; the use of a relatively small sample size; and virtually limited intervention and follow-up periods. Overall, the study provided relevant insights on the feasibility of classroom-based fitness program without impairment of academic instruction. The reporter found the study beneficial and useful to various academicians and health practitioners in terms of promoting health through the identified ABC for Fitness Program. Its applicability is relatively easy and would not hamper any existing instructional methods or the need to use special resources. As disclosed, the 30 minutes recommended daily physical activity could significantly improve identified crucial variables such as academic performance, physical fitness, and even the use of medications for ADHD and asthma. This study proves that through innovative techniques and with the assistance of dedicated and committed educators, the goals for health promotion programs (HPPP) could be achieved.  

Dell Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dell Inc - Essay Example The force of the buyer revolves around the relative strength which the buyer can exert on the business through the course of business transactions. The Force of the Buyer can also be applied to the business in terms of considering the business as a buyer from its suppliers, In each case, however, the relative strength of the company, both when feeling the force buyers exert on it, and as it buys from suppliers, is relatively weak. Neither the company nor the consumers can exert a high level of buying power on the company According to Porter, the power of the buyer is strong when those who buy from the company, or the company as a buyer, exist in a limited marketplace. In other words, when the company exists as a buyer from suppliers, and the company is the only buyer, or one of a limited number of buyers of specific goods and services. (Porter, 1980) An example of this type of relationship could be the Department of Defense as a buyer from defense contractors literally is the only buyer of goods and services for the purpose of our countries defense. (QuickMBA.com, 2004) In this case, the buyer has monopolistic power over the sellers, and can dictate what it wants and how much it is willing to pay. However, no such limited monopoly exists in the computer marketplace. ... Developed as a strategic response to the internet, Dell launched a business model which focused on 'build to order' computers. Rather than guessing what its customers wanted, and building inventory which was then stored in warehouses until ordered, Dell developed an integrated supply chain management system, and then went to the consumer and allowed the end user to drive manufacturing. The company focused on connecting with the consumer's immediate desires, and then building just what was ordered. For Dell, this decision cut costs, and increased the velocity at which the company could operate. According to Bossidy and Charan (2002) Dell became the market leader with this business model. The company turned its inventory 80 times per year, rather than 20 times which is the typical inventory turnover rate of its competitors. Through this strategy, dell became known as the market leader in terms of getting the consumer exactly what he or she wanted, on time, accurately, and at low cost. This positioned Dell to experience the success which it is now struggling to hang onto. However, this does not make Dell a strong buyer as a buyer of goods and services when compared to its competition. Dell, HP, IBM, and Sun Microsystems are all purchasers of similar products. While the companies may have their own idiosyncrasies in terms of what specific parts and pieces they purchase, they are all purchasing the same types of products, and therefore all have similar levels of power in the marketplace as a buyer. Dell may have a larger power in the marketplace than its competitors because of their higher level of volume it consumes. However, the company is not an exclusive

Leadership Skills in 21st Century Health Care Research Proposal

Leadership Skills in 21st Century Health Care - Research Proposal Example The clinics that offer both general and specialist health care are mostly for Medicaid recipients. There is a wide middle class of patients without coverage-they make too much for Medicaid and are not old enough for Medicare. Even if they are eligible for Medicare, it does not cover all their health needs. Problem Statement: With so many areas of U.S. health care in commercial chaos at present, it is necessary for leadership to include all members of their organizations in decision making. Only with a leader willing to take advantage of what staff offers can a working relationship be established. Another problem area in health care is a better understanding of the needs and wants of consumers. The most apparent issues in health care at present are related to Medicare, Children's Health Care Insurance Program (SCHIP), and Health Information Technology (HIT). Literature Review and Research Design: In the upcoming elections, health care is a major issue. Studies showing current statistics of the number of people who do not have health insurance and the overcrowded conditions in public clinics can be found on the Internet. As for leadership in health care, the need for cooperation is evident in articles and past discussions of what makes a good leader, again on the Internet.

To what extent did the Cuban intervention shape Angola (1975-1991) Assignment

To what extent did the Cuban intervention shape Angola (1975-1991) - Assignment Example I will also refer to the Library of Congress Country Studies. In section B, I will discuss the first Cuban intervention, global response to the event, Cubas second involvement, and The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. In C, I will evaluate my sources and in D, provide an analysis of evidence. In consequence, to analysis, I will formulate a conclusion to my research in E. The Portuguese colonization of Angola began in the sixteenth century and continued until 1975. In 1974, following the Carnation Revolution in Portugal, an extreme right wing Portuguese government was replaced by a moderate democracy (Birmingham 184). At the time, three major revolutionary factions operated in Angola; MPLA, UNITA and FNLA. In January 1975, at a meeting held in Kenya, Portugal recognized the MPLA, UNITA, and FNLA as three independent and equal political movements (LOC). Further meeting in Alvor, Portugal, resulted in the agreement of independence on 11 November 1975 with a transitional government in place until that date (LOC). The transitional government, which was an equal unity between all three movements, was sworn in on 31 January 1975 (Smith 66). Disputes quickly erupted between members of the newly formed government. Pro-western FNLA which was heavily influenced by the United States was at odds with Soviet and Cuban-backed MPLA (LOC). The U.S refused to accept MPLA as a major player in the unity government due to their strong Soviet ties and Marxist inclinations (Smith 69). An arms race began between these two factions leading to the U.S. funding UNITA for the first time (LOC). Fighting which initially began in Luanda spread to the entire country. In July 1975, in response to a request by MPLA leader Antonio Neto to provide support against international imperialism, Cuba set up four centers for military training in Angola (CIA). On 11 August 1975, Cuban Major Raà ºl Diaz Argà ¼elles proposed to Fidel Castro a military

The Elderly and Medications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Elderly and Medications - Essay Example This support system, which provides a soothing effect apart from partially or completely curing the element, is given by medicines. Medicinal curing is affected when correctly prescribed (by a doctor or pharmacist) and followed. However these medicines may adversely affect some other functions of body more so in case of old age people. So it is mediatory for aging old people to undergo medicines under strict supervision of their doctor or pharmacist (Marshall, Helen 2007). Commonly occurred disease among old age persons are Coronary heart disease, Cancer, Alzheimer's disease, Strokes, Arthritis, Osteoporosis. There are other diseases not the result of aging, but have a higher incidence in older adults like Cardiovascular, Dementia, Depression, Diabetes, falls and Injuries, Gastrointestinal Disorders, Hearing impairment, Memory, Nutrition, Parkinson's disease, Respiratory Disease, Pressure ulcers, Sleep problems, Thyroid Disease, Urinary Disorders, Visual impairment and many more. All these follow different medication, life span after detection and occurrence in old age groups (Connecticut United for Research Excellence). Generally prescribed medication for elderly people includes Sleeping Tablets, Anti-depressants, Tablets for B.P, Anti-Parkinson's Medicine, Pain Killers, Anti-biotics, Steroids, Water tablets etc (Bhimsingh, Suresh 2003). Some of the side effects occurred from these medicines are Confusion, falls due to unsteadiness, loss of bladder and bowel control, Confusion, drop in B.P, dry mouth, depression, impotence, Nausea, poor appetite, acidity, gastro-intestinal bleed, ringing in the ears, constipation, Diarrhoea, Skin rash, Alteration of body salt balance and like wise (Bhimsingh, Suresh 2003). Elderly people are more prone to side effects because of multiple reasons summarized as under. Multiple medications may lead to interaction between medicines giving back the side effects. Inefficient liver/kidneys to breakdown and excreting medicines causing them to remain for longer duration in system. Sensitive nervous system Physical deterioration ( Marshall, Helen 2007) Case study The subject of case study (name- DJ, age-73, living in nursing home) is suffering from high Cholesterol and Mild Hypertension, Along with Weak muscle tone, impaired vision and lack of strength. The disease, mobility and Sensory Deficits are common occurrence among old age people. List of drugs the she is taking with drug schedule is given below. Type of tablets Name of Medicine Reason for medicine Schedule Prescription Drugs Lipitor a cholesterol lowering pill After morning meal Prescription Drugs TriCon lowers fats from the blood After morning meal Prescription Drugs Klor-Con a potassium supplement After morning meal Prescription Drugs Chlorthalidone diuretic to reduce blood pressure At night Over The Counter Drugs Excedrin Extra Strength minor aches and pains regularly Over The Counter Drugs Vicks Vapor Rub minor aches and pains regularly Over The Counter Drugs Airborne cold/flu prevention regularly Over The Counter Drugs Centrum multivitamin daily The prescribed drugs taken by subject can be broadly divided into three categories, namely tablets for B/P. cholesterol lowering pills and pain killers. Major side effects caused due to these

Scholarly Writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Scholarly Writing - Essay Example In science, any decision made has to rely on tested evidence and factual data, for example psychology. As discussed in (â€Å"Psychology as a Science†, 2013), this is because it involves systematic observation, data collection, and data analysis (empiricism), the examination of testable problems, and the falsifiability of result. Information in science should be testable, and people can refer the decision as a fact. A scientific decision goes through different stages such as data collection, data analysis and testing to ensure its authenticity. Scientific decisions only factor in factual data (Pope, 1998). On the other hand, however, common sense does not rely in any form of data or tested information. An individual, basing his or her reasoning on what he believes to be true or as "intuitively obvious" makes a decision about a particular issue. Such a decision lacks any form of data or evidence. Therefore, the decision arrived at could be either true or false. According to (â €Å"Psychology as a Science†, 2013), the problem with common sense ideas about behavior is that much of it is contradictory, leaving one to wonder still about the actual answer to some of life’s questions. Common sense involves critical thinking. According to Douglas (2000), critical thinking puts into consideration the importance of beliefs. Since people find it easier to believe than to disbelieve, critical thinking helps them back their reasoning to believe in any decision they come up with. As discussed in (â€Å"Psychology as a Science†, 2013), a good critical thinker uses scientific inquiry to discover that both cliches in each dichotomy are unsupported, that only one is supported, or that both are actually supported. Personally, critical thinking helps me in believing what I have learnt or read. It is possible to differentiate between something that is true and one that is untrue by critically analyzing a text by use of prior information. Belief persevera nce is the tendency of an individual o hold on to his or her initial belief, even when provided with new information that contradicts the present belief. Paul & Elder (2003) assert that critical thinking involves focusing on the purpose of thinking, questions the thinking is pursuing, the information in use, the assumptions and inferences made, concepts and point of view guiding the thinking and the implications of the thinking. Belief perseverance acts in ignorance with this argument, as here is no way of solving an individual’s decision, despite being acquainted with this knowledge. Personally, I try to use common sense to allow for critical thinking in place of personal belief. With common sense, I know when something is wrong and when right. I cannot interchange these two, to make something right wrong and something wrong right using common sense. References Douglas, N. L. (2000). Enemies of critical thinking: Lessons from social psychology research. Reading Psychology, 2 1(2), 129–144. Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2003). Critical thinking: Teaching students how to study and learn (Part III). Journal of Developmental Education, 26(3), 36-37. Pope, K. S. (1998). Pseudoscience, cross-examination, and scientific evidence in the recovered memory controversy. Psychology, Public Policy, & Law, 4(4), 1160-1181. Psychology as a Science. (2013). [Study notes] Scholarly Writing The author had a good topic of discussion; the personal computer. The author, while introducing the topic, digs a little background

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable Essay

Discuss whether producing and selling private labels could be a viable strategy for manufacturers of branded products - Essay Example There has been a considerable debate in the management literature regarding the fact that whether manufacturing and selling of private brands is a viable marketing strategy or not. This paper tries to present a balanced view regarding the topic by understanding the reasons for each of the stance. The concept of private label branding has often been criticized by researchers as it is essentially copying of the original brand. The research conducted by Kumar and Steenkamp (2007) has shown that the private labels mainly copy the packaging and content of the manufacturer brands that involves minimal research and developmental costs. The research conducted by Mitchell and Kearney (2002) had shown that following the private branding strategy can create a number of legal hassles for the companies because of incidents like trademark infringement, misappropriation of profits of original brand owners. The research conducted by J. Fernie, S. Fernie and Moore (2003) has shown that national brand manufacturers often decides to produce private labels because they can accrue efficiency gain from the process and eventually the manufacturers are able to produce products of superior quality at a lower cost or similar quality products at the same cost of production. The market strategy often t urns viable because the negotiation power of the retailers increase dusring the process. The research conducted by Bergà ¨s-Sennou, Bontems and Rà ©quillart (2004) has shown that national brand manufacturers often consider the strategy of producing the private labels beneficial if they find the concentration of the retail market share favourable. The synthesis of the current literature shows that the viability of production of private label depends on difference between the national brand produced by the manufacturers and the private brands produced by them. Producing private brands by national brand manufacturers will not be a